Assignment #3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

#3 - Assignment Example Discuss the final result of the different schedules in Figure 21.3 (a) and (b), where M = 2 and N = 2, with respect to the following questions. Does adding the above condition change the final outcome? Does the outcome obey the implied consistency rule (that the capacity of X is 90)? However, a transaction could end in two ways, When it â€Å"Commits† that is all changes to the database are registered or â€Å"Rollback† when the chances are ignored and database returns to original state. With ARIES, main memory buffers that have been modified are not flushed to disk. ARIES, however writes additional information to the LOG in the form of a Transaction Table and a Dirty Page Table when a checkpoint occurs. No-steal means that the cache (buffer) page updated by a transaction cannot be written to disk before the transaction commits. Force means that updated pages are written to disk when a transaction commits. 24.33  - Suppose that privilege (a) of exercise 24.32 is to be given with GRANT OPTION but only so that account A can grant it to at most five accounts, and each of these accounts can propagate the privilege to other accounts but without the GRANT OPTION privilege. What would the horizontal and vertical propagation limits be in this case? 24.34  - Consider the relation shown in Figure 24.2 (d). How would it appear to a user with classification U? Suppose a classification U user tries to update the salary of "Smith" to $50,000; what would be the result of this

Aerodynamics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Aerodynamics - Essay Example It corrects the destabilization and possible accident that may occur when one engine of a plane collapses or fails when flying. According to Gudmundsson (2014), a plane loses over 80% of the existing thrust levels when operating with two engines. The loss may cause huge damage unless critical response modalities are undertaken first hand to change and reconfigure the pitch attitude and drag predicament of the aircraft. When one engine cools off, the airspeed signal or indicator will move towards the red redial line that is located at the lower end of AS1. The redial indicator shows the VMC level at the point in time. If the red light indicates or moves to the 80-MPH mark on the AS1 then danger looms, as the unthinkable is prone to happen despite the full thrush that is produced by the functioning engine. As noted, the most critical moments that the airplanes engines are imperative are during takeoff or a few seconds after takeoff. During this time, the airspeed is at its lowest prompting the engines to develop maximum rated horsepower. The power is to guarantee speed and security of the plane and ensure that any fault is not recorded (Gudmundsson, 2014). If the engine quits or becomes dormant at the stage then the pilot has two options 1. The plane can proceed with the departure climb that will facilitate the asymmetric thrust from the single operating engine. This will cause the airplane to flip on its back effectively at a bank range of 5 degrees that is favorable. 2. The departure of the aircraft can be continued and climb on a single engine especially when the speed is sufficiently fast (Gudmundsson, 2014). The degree level of bank is a key determinant of VMC as it causes either increase or decrease in the VMC level or the speed of operation of the plane. 2 to 5 degree level is recommended for favorable VMC as compared to degree levels beyond 5 as such arrange may cause

Analysing Types Of Collection System Engineering Essay

Analysing Types Of Collection System Engineering Essay Based on their mode of operation, collection systems are classified into two categories: hauled-container systems and stationary-container systems. Hauled-Container Systems (HCS): Collection systems in which the containers used for the storage of wastes are hauled to the processing, transfer, or disposal site, emptied, and returned to either their original location or some other location are defined as hauled-container systems. There are two main types of hauled-container systems: (1) tilt-frame container and (2) trash-trailer. The collector is responsible for driving the vehicle, loading full containers and unloading empty containers, and emptying the contents of the container at the disposal site. In some cases, for safety reasons, both a driver and helper are used. Systems that use tilt-frame-loaded vehicles and large containers, often called drop boxes, are ideally suited for the collection of all types of solid waste and rubbish from locations where the generation rate warrants the use of large containers. Open-top containers are used routinely at warehouses and construction sites. Large containers used in conjunction with stationary compactors are common at commercial and industrial services and at transfer stations. Because of the large volume that can be hauled, the use of tilt-frame hauled container systems has become widespread, especially among private collectors servicing industrial accounts. The application of trash-trailers is similar to that of tilt-frame container systems. Trash-trailers are better for the collection of especially heavy rubbish, such as sand, timber, and metal scrap, and often are used for the collection of demolition wastes at construction sites. Stationary-Container Systems (SCS): Collection systems in which the containers used for the storage of wastes remain at the point of waste generation, except when moved for collection are defined as stationary-container systems. Labor requirements for mechanically loaded stationary-container systems are essentially the same as for hauled-container systems. There are two main types of stationary-container systems: (1) those in which self-loading compactors are used and (2) those in which manually loaded vehicles are used. Because a variety of container sizes and types are available, these systems may be used for the collection of all types of wastes. The major application of manual transfer and loading methods is in the collection of residential wastes and litter. Manual methods are used for the collection of industrial wastes where pickup points are inaccessible to the collection vehicle. Collection Routes: Once the equipment labor requirements have been determined, collection routes must be laid out so both the work force equipment are used effectively. In general, the layout of collection routes is a trial-and-error process. There are no fixed rules that can be applied to all situations. Some of the factors that should be taken into consideration when laying out routes are as follows:(1) existing company policies and regulations related to such items as the point of collection and frequency of collection must be identified, (2) existing system conditions such as crew size and vehicle types must be coordinated, (3) wastes generated at traffic-congested locations should be collected as early in the day as possible, (4) sources at which extremely large quantities of wastes are generated should be serviced during the first part of the day, and (5) scattered pickup points where small quantities of solid wastes are generated should, if possible, be serviced during one trip or on the same day, if they receive the same collection frequency. Layout of Routes: The layout of collection routes is a four-step process. First, prepare location maps. On a relatively large-scale map of the area to be serviced, the following data should be plotted for each solid-waste pickup point: location, number of containers, collection frequency, and, if a stationary-container system with self-loading compactors is used, the estimated quantity of wastes to be collected at each pickup location. Second, prepare data summaries. Estimate the quantity of wastes to be collected from pickup location serviced each day that the collection operation is to be conducted. Where a stationary-container system is used, the number of locations that will be serviced during each pickup cycle must also be determined. Third, lay out preliminary collection routes starting from the dispatch station or where the collection vehicles are parked. A route should be laid out that connects all the pickup locations to be serviced during each collection day. The route should be laid out so that the last location is nearest the disposal site. Fourth, develop balanced routes. After the preliminary collection routes have been laid out, the haul distance for each route should be determined. Next, determine the labor requirements per day and check against the available work times per day. In some cases it may be necessary to readjust the collection routes to balance the work load and the distance traveled. After the balanced routes have been established, they should be drawn on the master map. Schedules: A master schedule for each collection route should be prepared for use by the engineering department and the transportation dispatcher. A schedule for each route, on which can be found the location and order of each pickup point to he serviced, should he prepared for the driver. In addition, a route book should be maintained by each truck driver. Transfer and transport: The functional element of transfer and transport refers to the means, facilities, and appurtenances used to effect the transfer of wastes from relatively small collection vehicles to larger vehicles and to transport them over extended distances to either processing centers or disposal sites. Transfer and transport operations become a necessity when haul distances to available disposal sites or processing centers increase to the point that direct hauling is no longer economically feasible. Transfer Station: Important factors that must be considered in the design of transfer stations include: type of transfer operation to be used, (2) capacity requirements, (3) equipment and accessory requirements, and (4) environmental requirements. Type of Transfer Station: Depending on the method used to load the transport vehicles, transfer stations may be classified into three types: direct discharge, storage discharge, and combined direct and storage discharge. Direct Discharge: In a direct-discharge transfer station, wastes from the collection vehicles usually are emptied directly into the vehicle to be used to transport them to a place of final disposition. To accomplish this, these transfer stations usually are constructed in a two-level arrangement. The unloading dock or platform from which wastes from collection vehicles are discharged into the transport trailers is elevated, or the transport trailers are located in a depressed ramp. Direct-discharge transfer stations employing stationary compactors are also popular. Typical direct discharge transfer station Storage Discharge: In the storage-discharge transfer station, wastes are emptied either into a storage pit or onto a platform from which they are loaded into transport vehicles by various types of auxiliary equipment. In a storage-discharge transfer station, the storage volume varies from about one-half to two daysà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ volume of wastes. Typical storage discharge transfer station Combined Direct and Storage Discharge: In some transfer stations, both direct-discharge and storage-discharge methods are used. Usually, these are multipurpose facilities designed to service a broader range of users than a single-purpose facility. In addition to serving a broader range of users, a multipurpose transfer station can also house a materials-salvage operation. Capacity Requirements: The operational capacity of a transfer station must be such that the collection vehicles do not have to wait too long to unload. In most cases, it will not be cost- effective to design the station to handle the ultimate peak number of hourly loads. An economic trade-off analysis should be made between the annual cost for the time spent by the collection vehicles waiting to unload against the incremental annual cost of a larger transfer station and/or the use of more transport equipment. Because of the increased cost of transport equipment, a trade-off analysis must also be made between the capacity of the transfer station and the cost of the transport operation, including both equipment and labor components. Equipment and Accessory Requirements: The types and amounts of equipment required vary with the capacity of the station and its function in the waste-management system. Specifically, scales should be provided at all medium and large transfer stations both to monitor the operation and to develop meaningful management and engineering data. Environmental Requirements: Most of the large, modern transfer stations are enclosed and are constructed of materials that can be maintained and cleaned easily. For direct-discharge transfer stations with open loading areas, special attention must be given to the problem of blowing papers. Wind screens or other barriers are commonly used. Regardless of the type of station, the design and construction should such that all accessible areas where rubbish or paper can accumulate are eliminated. Location of Transfer Station: Whenever possible, transfer stations should be located (1) as near as possible to the weighted center of the individual solid-waste production areas to be served, (2) within easy access of major arterial highway routes as well as near secondary or supplemental means of transportation, (3) where there will be a minimum of public environmental objection to the transfer operations, and (4) where construction and operation will be most economical. Additionally, if the transfer- station site is to be used for processing operations involving materials recovery and/or energy production, the requirements for those operations must be considered. Transfer Means Methods: Motor vehicles, railroads, and ocean-going vessels are the principal means now used to transport solid wastes. Pneumatic and hydraulic systems have also been used. Motor Vehicle Transport: Motor vehicles used to transport solid wastes on highways should satisfy the following requirements: (1) the vehicles must transport wastes at minimum cost, (2) wastes must be covered during the haul operation, (3) vehicles must be designed for highway traffic, (4) vehicle capacity must be such that allowable weight limits are not exceeded, and (5) methods used for unloading must be simple and dependable; The maximum volume that can be hauled highway transport vehicles depends on the regulations in force in the state in which they are operated. Methods used to unload the transport trailers may be classified according to whether they are self-emptying or require the aid of auxiliary equipment. Self-emptying transport trailers are equipped with mechanisms such as hydraulic dump beds, powered diaphragms or moving floors that are part of the vehicle. Moving-floor trailers are an adaptation of equipment used in the construction industry. An advantage of the moving-floor trailer is the rapid turnaround time (typically 6 to 10 mm) achieved at the disposal site without the need for auxiliary equipment. Unloading systems that require auxiliary equipment are usually of the à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"pull-offà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚  type, in which the wastes are pulled out of the truck by either a movable bulkhead or wire-cable slings placed forward of the load. The disadvantage of requiring auxiliary equipment and work force to unload at the disposal site is relatively minor in view of the simplicity and reliability of these metho ds. Another auxiliary unloading system that has proved very effective and efficient involves the use of movable, hydraulically operated tipping ramps located at the disposal site. Operationally, the semitrailer of a tractor-trailer- trailer combination is backed up onto one of the tipping ramps; the tractor-trailer combination is backed up onto a second tipping ramp. The backs of the trailers are opened, and the units are then liked upward until the wastes fall out by gravity. The time required for the entire unloading operation typically is about 5 mm/trip. Large-capacity containers and container trailers are used in conjunction with stationary compactors at transfer stations. In some cases, the compaction mechanism is an integral part of the container. When containers are equipped with a self-contained compaction mechanism, the movable bulkhead used to compress the wastes is also used to discharge the compacted wastes. Railroad Transport: Although railroads were commonly used for the transport of solid wastes in the past, they are now used by only a few communities. However, renewed interest is again developing in the use of railroads for hauling solid wastes, especially to remote areas where highway travel is difficult and railroad lines now exist. Water Transport: Barges, scows, and special boats have been used in the past to transport solid wastes to processing locations and to seaside and ocean disposal sites, but ocean disposal is no longer practiced by the United States. Although some self-propelled vessels (such as United States Navy garbage scows and other special boats) were once used, the most common practice was to use vessels towed by tugs or other special boats. Pneumatic Transport: Both low-pressure air and vacuum conduit transport systems have been used to transport solid wastes. The most common application is the transport of wastes from high-density apartments or commercial activities to a central location for processing or for loading into transport vehicles. The largest pneumatic system now in use in the United States is at the Walt Disney World amusement park in Orlando, Florida.

Intergroup Theory :: Social Psychology Society Essays

Intergroup Theory 1) Intergenerational communication has always been a source of frustration especially in communication where the age gap is largest. Because of the broadness of the topic, there are several different theories and ideas on the ideal intergenerational communication. As all participants are very different, it becomes very difficult to differentiate between the right and wrong strategies for successful communication. People need to associate themselves with the communication that seems most closely related and accurate to their functioning capabilities. There are many aspects that can produce a positive or negative interaction. Sociologists, social psychologists and other people most interested in this form of communication have examined communication and relationships for years and have created several categories and theories of communication. The intergroup theory incorporates several European social psychology theories that coordinate individual and social aspects of ones personality to the effect it has on the communication. Intergroup theory bases communication ability and quality around the social life of the participants. The theory presents several social identifications that influence an individual’s identity. As a result of the person fulfilling their own identity they eventually fall into their own common social groups. Depending on the situation and the interaction, either the individual identity or the group characteristics and reputation play a vital roll in the interaction. These groups transcend different impressions and feelings depending on who is interpreting it. The life stage, social circumstances and experiences effect how the group is interpreted by outgroup members (Turner 1982). People in society today tend to divide themselves among a community into social groups and categories where one feels more accepted and shares common qualities with the group. Experiments have shown that solely being part of any arbitrary social group gave the participants satisfaction. Generally when people belong to any group they will favor their own group which appears evident is groups of similar nationality, gender or other personal views (Tajfel, Billig, Bundy & Flament, 1971). In groups such as Greek life, stereotypes may form when several members begin to behave and believe similarly. This is common as people hold more pride in their ingroup. Also unwritten guidelines often form through the common interests on the members. Just as members of an ingroup categorize themselves, in the intergroup theory we categorize outgroup members. Identities are created primarily from physical characteristics and first impressions. This is a classification created for one group about the other group.

Mobile phones Essay

In this high-tech fast world, undeniably, mobile phones became an inevitable part of everybody’s life without any age limit. Although, it has lots of merits, in my point of view, the intense use of mobile phones among children may be discouraged because of its adverse impacts on them. To begin with, mobile phones have numerous benefits. Presently, it is not merely a simple device, which allows an easy connectivity between people. It is supporting a number of other programs such as calculators, alarm clocks, voice recorder and so on. these programs boost their academic performances, if they use it cleverly. For instance, alarm clocks in mobile phones are useful for them to woke up early in the morning or adjust the time duration to write an essay. The easy accessibility of parents and friends make them comfortable and enable them to meet any emergency or unexpected conditions. Parents also will be much relaxed, as they know their children are safe. On the other hand, these wonderful devices have negative sides also. Most importantly, the radiations from these devices are harmful for their developing brains. Researches proved that, these radiations might lead to cancers. The destruction of studies is another matter of concern. The games in the mobile phones create additions to children. Chatting and telephonic conversations with anonymous people may result in insurmountable impacts to their young minds. These contacts may indulge them in bad company and mafia especially drug and sex, spoil their future. Furthermore, easy connectivity to internet attracts them to unhealthy web sites and their total character may change. Additionally, children can effortlessly cheat their parents by convincing a false. To illustrate, if they are enjoying a television program at his friends home, they can make to believe their parents that they are on the way to their tuition class. To conclude, mobile phones are beneficial devices, if we use it sensibly. Children, as they are not mature to handle it effectively, it may leave drastic disadvantages on them. Hence, I believe that mobile phones are not favorable for children, especially if it is used uncontrolled without proper guidance and time limit.

Scarf

MOTIVATION with a SCARF twist The SCARF (an acronym for Status, Certainty, Autonomy, Relatedness, Fairness) model, a brilliant gift of neuroscience invented by Dr. David Rock, is an interesting tool to understand an individual’s social behavior in a group. The model is broadly based on two themes, â€Å"Minimizing threat, Maximizing reward† & â€Å"Correlating several social experiences to primary social needs†. Knowing the SCARF model aids to understanding the drivers that cause a threat or beget a reward response thus enabling an individual to implement the optimized interaction path with others.Though the other two articles on â€Å"Managing the brain† (also sketching out the SCARF model) and â€Å"Six thinking hats† were fairly interesting reads, but reading about the SCARF model really grabbed my attention since I was now able to correlate a lot of management techniques/decisions I have seen in the past to this model. Motivation strategies and the SCARF model have a close tie. Typically motivation is aimed at bringing about some form of reward response from the individual(s).I have sketched a few ‘low-cost’ motivation techniques Organizations may implement during economic turmoil, relating them to the threat and reward responses of the SCARF model. 1. Communication: Threat: Uncertainty – During economic downtimes many Employees fear uncertainty. There is a baseline fear of losing jobs, taking salary cuts or being transferred to other departments. Reward Response: Motivating Employees using the ‘open communication’ tool, giving them the reward response of certainty, minimizes this threat.If an Organization chooses to throttle increments, bonuses or promotions it becomes imperative to clearly communicate its rationale to the Employees. Employees always appreciate a transparent management style in matters that directly impact them. 2. Leadership: Threat: Autonomy – During low performin g quarters Organizations do not want to go wrong anywhere. This fear is at times is converted to micro management, increased rigidity in rules and a so called â€Å"Authoritarian† behavior which is perceived my the Employees as a threat to their autonomy Reward Response: Motivating Employees during these tough times can become even more critical.Targeting Employee strengths and assigning project ownership accordingly can help reduce this threat. Giving the Employees an opportunity to avail of flexi-time can also create autonomy. 3. Appreciation: Threat: Status – In a disturbed economy Organizations face budgetary restrictions thereby making tough decisions of promoting only a handful of Employees. But what about the rest? They too have worked as hard as the others. These Employees certainly face a status threat in the Organization. Reward Response: Employers should take time to appreciate good work.Appreciation can be done verbally during team meetings or via e-mail, m arking a copy to the entire Department. A simple but meaningful â€Å"thank you† via e-mail can prove to be a very effective motivation tool. Employees feel internally rewarded and motivated when they know their work is valued and recognized in the Organization. 4. Low cost events: Threat: Relatedness – Organizations tend to become very competitive during a tough economy. People are faced with competition within the Organization.Often Employees are shuffled between departments to optimize the productivity. People who move to the new departments often face the threat to relatedness, as they in turn are perceived as a threat to the existing members of the department. Information sharing with the new members could be limited. Reward Response: In this situation an Organization should dedicate some time to conduct low cost events to increase the organizational citizenship behavior (going beyond the call of duty) not only inside departments but also outside departments. E. . : Have a ballot box in the office and encourage people to thank each other for any activity from which the other person benefitted (not directly related to work) for e. g. â€Å"Thank you Mary for sharing the sales figures for last month, this helped me come up with the forecasts quicker than expected. † Every Friday call for a â€Å"Thanks giving event† where these papers are read out in front of the organization and each one gets small rewards like chocolates, donuts, pens etc. This will increase the reward response for relatedness and status. 5.Performance Based Pay: Threat: Fairness: It is a challenge for the Employers to be fair in terms of the financial rewards given to the Employees. An Employee often gets demotivated when he/she hears that their colleagues are being paid more than him/her especially when they feel that they are putting in more effort and yielding a greater result for the department. Reward response: To curtail this threat to fairness an Organi zation should have a transparent performance based pay structure. This structure should be known to every Employee to beget transparency.Finally I would like to say that motivating Employees is important for every Employer, at all times. An Organization does not need to invest in expensive trainings, huge increments or even arranging extravagant holiday packages in order to motivate its Employees. Motivation has a strong negative correlation to the threats that an Employees faces in an Organization and if those threats are identified correctly and mitigated using the SCARF principles the overall productivity can be tremendously boosted.